Impact of climate-driven temperature increase on inland aquaculture: Application to land-based production of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Climate change will expose the food-producing sector to a range of challenges. Inland aquaculture farms are particularly vulnerable, due to the difficulty in changing their location, and therefore require specific tools to predict the influence of direct and indirect effects on production, environment and economic feasibility. The objective of our study was to apply a simple set of models to produce a set of growth, risk and suitability maps for stakeholders within the common carp sector in Poland, to assist decision-making under two different scenarios of climate change: a moderate situation (RCP 4.5) and an extreme situation (RCP 8.5). We used present (2000-2019) and future projections (2080-2099) for water surface temperature based on land surface temperature data from regionally downscaled climate models to draw maps to: (i) show optimal temperature conditions for carp growth, (ii) assess risk of disease outbreak caused by three important common carp pathogens: Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), carp oedema virus (CEV) and spring viremia of carp (SVCV) and (iii) predict potential suitability changes of carp farming in Poland. The study identified areas with the most and least favourable temperature conditions for carp growth, as well as those areas with the highest/lowest number of days with suitable temperatures for virus infection. These suitability maps showed the combined effect of direct and indirect effects of climate change projections under RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5 scenarios. The approach applied herein will be of use worldwide for analysing the risks of temperature increase to land-based aquaculture, and the results presented are important for carp farmers in Poland and elsewhere, industry in general, and government stakeholders, to understand the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the triple bottom line of people, planet, and profit.

The genome sequence of the grey top shell, Steromphala cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758).

We present a genome assembly from an individual Steromphala cineraria (the grey topshell; Mollusca; Gastropoda; Trochida; Trochidae). The genome sequence is 1,270 megabases in span. Most of the assembly (99.23%) is scaffolded into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules.

Bioextractive Removal of Nitrogen by Oysters in Great Bay Piscataqua River Estuary, New Hampshire, USA.

Eutrophication is a challenge to coastal waters around the globe. In many places, nutrient reductions from land-based sources have not been sufficient to achieve desired water quality improvements. Bivalve shellfish have shown promise as an in-water strategy to complement land-based nutrient management. A local-scale production model was used to estimate oyster (Crassostrea virginica) harvest and bioextraction of nitrogen (N) in Great Bay Piscataqua River Estuary (GBP), New Hampshire, USA, because a system-scale ecological model was not available. Farm-scale N removal results (0.072 metric tons acre-1 year-1) were up-scaled to provide a system-wide removal estimate for current (0.61 metric tons year-1), and potential removal (2.35 metric tons year-1) at maximum possible expansion of licensed aquaculture areas. Restored reef N removal was included to provide a more complete picture. Nitrogen removal through reef sequestration was ~ 3 times that of aquaculture. Estimated reef-associated denitrification, based on previously reported rates, removed 0.19 metric tons N year-1. When all oyster processes (aquaculture and reefs) were included, N removal was 0.33% and 0.54% of incoming N for current and expanded acres, respectively. An avoided cost approach, with wastewater treatment as the alternative management measure, was used to estimate the value of the N removed. The maximum economic value for aquaculture-based removal was $105,000 and $405,000 for current and expanded oyster areas, respectively. Combined aquaculture and reef restoration is suggested to maximize N reduction capacity while limiting use conflicts. Comparison of removal based on per oyster N content suggests much lower removal rates than model results, but model harvest estimates are similar to reported harvest. Though results are specific to GBP, the approach is transferable to estuaries that support bivalve aquaculture but do not have complex system-scale hydrodynamic or ecological models.

Seasonal and multi-annual trends of bivalve toxicity by PSTs in Portuguese marine waters.

Temporal and spatial trends of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalves from Portuguese estuarine and coastal waters, and connectivity of bivalve toxicity among the harvest areas, were examined using long-term data from the national biotoxin monitoring programme. Data from 1994 to 2017 were chosen for commercial bivalve species sensitive to PSTs, and for production areas exhibiting recurrent episodes of bivalve toxicity. Mussels (Mytilus spp.) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from the Ria de Aveiro, Mondego estuary, Óbidos lagoon and Ria Formosa, and wedge clams (Donax trunculus) and surf clams (Spisula solida) from the coastal areas Aguda and Olhão were selected. Bivalve toxicity data point to higher incidents of PST episodes in autumn and winter, although in 2008 the toxicity of mussels and cockles in the three estuarine areas was registered in summer. Most likely, favourable oceanographic conditions triggered the bloom formation of Gymnodinium catenatum, which is the species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in Portuguese waters. Episodes in the southern coast of Portugal were less recurrent, although values above the PST regulatory limit displayed also a seasonal signal with a peak between autumn and early winter. On the basis of the number of weeks per month that bivalves showed elevated toxicity values, a connectivity index was defined for the surveyed areas. High connectivity was obtained among Aveiro, Mondego and Óbidos, which are 180 km apart, suggesting that G. catenatum cells are imported from blooms formed or reaching the coastal waters adjacent to these systems. During episodes of elevated toxicity, toxin profiles in contaminated mussels and cockles were dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl compounds, which are the major toxins produced by the toxic dinoflagellate G. catenatum. The identification of coupled systems relatively to bivalve toxicity has an impact on monitoring programmes and allows improved decision-making on closures of bivalve harvest areas affected by toxic algae.

Comparative analysis of modeled nitrogen removal by shellfish farms.

The use of shellfish aquaculture for nutrient removal and reduction of coastal eutrophication has been proposed. Published literature has indicated that nitrogen contained in harvested shellfish can be accurately estimated from shell length:nitrogen content ratios. The range of nitrogen that could be removed by a typical farm in a specific estuarine or coastal setting is also of interest to regulators and planners. Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model outputs of nitrogen removal at the shellfish farm scale have been summarized here, from 14 locations in 9 countries across 4 continents. Modeled nitrogen removal ranged from 105 lbs acre(-1) year(-1) (12 g m(-2) year(-1)) to 1356 lbs acre(-1) year(-1) (152 g m(-2) year(-1)). Mean nitrogen removal was 520 lbs acre(-1) year(-1) (58 g m(-2) year(-1)). These model results are site-specific in nature, but compare favorably to reported nitrogen removal effectiveness of agricultural best management practices and stormwater control measures.

Physiological response of fucoid algae to environmental stress: comparing range centre and southern populations.

Climate change has led to alterations in assemblage composition. Species of temperate macroalgae at their southern limits in the Iberian Peninsula have shown shifts in geographical range and a decline in abundance ultimately related to climate, but with the proximate factors largely unknown. We performed manipulative experiments to compare physiological responses of Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis from Portugal and Wales (UK), representing, respectively, southern and central areas of their distribution, to different intensities of solar radiation and different air temperatures. Following exposure to stressful emerged conditions, Portuguese and Welsh individuals of both fucoid species showed increased frond temperature, high desiccation levels and reduced photophysiological performance that was evident even after a 16 h recovery period, with light and temperature acting in an additive, not an interactive, manner. The level of physiological decline was influenced by geographical origin of populations and species identity, with algae from the south and those living higher on the shore coping better with stressful conditions. The negative effect of summer conditions on photophysiology may contribute to changes in fucoid abundance and distribution in southern Europe. Our results emphasise how physiological performance of geographically distinct populations can differ, which is particularly relevant when predicting responses to climate change.

Good Environmental Status of marine ecosystems: what is it and how do we know when we have attained it?

The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires EU Member States (MS) to achieve Good Environmental Status (GEnS) of their seas by 2020. We address the question of what GEnS entails especially with regard to the level at which targets are set (descriptors, criteria, indicators), to scales for assessments (regional, sub-divisions, site-specific), and to difficulties in putting into practice the GEnS concept. We propose a refined and operational definition of GEnS, indicating the data and information needed to all parts of that definition. We indicate the options for determining when GEnS has been met, acknowledge the data and information needs for each option, and recommend a combination of existing quantitative targets and expert judgement. We think that the MSFD implementation needs to be less complex than shown for other similar directives, can be based largely on existing data and can be centred on the activities of the Regional Seas Conventions.

Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide.

In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America.

Síndrome de Wolfram: relato de um caso, revisäo da literatura e caracterizaçäo do diabetes mellitus associado / Wolfram syndrome: report of a case, literature review and characterization of associated diabetes mellitus

Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 23 anos, compatível com síndrome de Wolfram, baseado inicialmente na presença de atrofia óptica e diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus aos 15 anos. Outros comemorativos clínicos que integram a síndrome originalmente descrita foram entao investigados. O paciente apresentava perda auditiva para sons de alta frequência. Nao foi constatada a presença de diabetes insipidus. Realizamos uma caracterizaçao do diabetes mellitus associado, que resultou em pesquisa de auto-anticorpos anti-ilhota negativa e ausência de tendência à cetose, com boa reserva pancreática avaliada pelos níveis de peptídeo C. A análise da ligaçao de insulina marcada em receptores das hemácias do paciente se mostrou menor em relaçao aos controles. O estudo de parte do tRNA mitocondrial Leu (3243) nao revelou qualquer mutaçao. Encontramos ainda, um quadro de resistência à insulina que até o momento nao havia sido relatado nos portadores da síndrome. Em concordância com a literatura, também se observou dilataçao de vias urinárias. Sugerimos a possibilidade da existência de síndromes diversas que, ao mesmo tempo, compartilham de algumas características clínicas comuns à classicamente descrita (diabetes mellitus associado à atrofia óptica), e também apresentam uma outra gama de manifestaçoes clínicas. A constataçao de variantes da síndrome de Wolfram já havia sido observada por outros autores.

Crise de pseudogota como complicaçäo após paratiroidectomia no hiperparatiroidismo primário / Pseudogout crisis as a post parathyroidectomy complications in the primary hyperparathyroidism

A pseudogota é um quadro agudo ou sub-agudo de artrite associada à presença de cristais de diidrato de pirofosfato de cálcio (DHPC) no espaço sinovial. Relaciona-se ao hiperparatiroidismo primário (HPP), principalmente quando da reduçao rápida da calcemia que ocorre após a paratiroidectomia, Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 71 anos de idade internada em nosso serviço por apresentar dores ósseas e articulares difusas com duraçao de dois anos. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram cálcio total de 11,4 mg/dl (normal: 8,5 a 10,5 mg/dl), cálcio ionizado de 1,36 mmol/L (normal: 1,14 a 1,29 mmol/L) e paratormônio intacto de 279 pg/ml (normal: 10-70 pg/ml), tendo sido feito diagnóstico de HPP. As radiografias simples evidenciaram condrocalcinose em joelhos, cotovelos e punhos. Submetida a paratiroidectomia, que revelou hiperplasia das paratiróides, evoluiu com hipocalcemia no oitavo dia pós-operatório (cálcio ionizado de O,9 mmol/l) e no décimo-primeiro dia apresentou artrite em tornozelo esquerdo. A punçao articular mostrou líquido sinovial com numerosos cristais sugerindo pseudogota. Na evoluçao, houve melhora articular concomitante à normalizaçao da ca;cemia e ao uso de anti-inflamatório nao hormonai. Um mês depois foi observado recidiva da artrite em punho e cotovelo esquerdos concomitante a novo surto de hipocalcemia. Em resumo, a pseudogota é uma complicaçao importante em pacientes com HPP submetidos à paratiroidectomia. Na opiniao dos autores, por estar associada à hipocalcemia, a pseudogota pode ser prevenida mediante a suplementaçao precoce de cálcio e vitamina D no pós-operatório imediato.